mt training: endocrine

Diabetes mellitus Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin to promote sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells. In diabetes mellitus, insulin insufficiency or ineffectiveness prevents sugar from leaving the blood (hyperglycemia occurs) and entering the body cells, where it is normally used to produce energy. There are two major types of diabetes mellitus.

· Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) Type I diabetes, with onset usually in childhood, involves destruction of the beta islet cells of the pancreas with complete deficiency of insulin in the body. Patients are usually thin and require frequent injections of insulin to maintain a normal level of glucose in the blood.

· Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) Type II diabetes is a separate disease from type I, with a different inheritance pattern. Patients are usually older, and obesity is very common. The islet cells are not destroyed, and there is a relative deficiency of insulin secretion with a resistance by target tissues to the action of insulin. Treatment is with diet, weight reduction, exercise, and if necessary, insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. The oral hypoglycemic agents can stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas and improve the body’s sensitivity to insulin.

Complications:-

· Primary complications include ketoacidosis (fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones in the body) and coma when sugar concentration gets too high or the patient receives an insufficient amount of insulin. Hypoglycemia can occur over when too much insulin is taken by the patient.

· Secondary (long-term) complications occur over many years the patient develops diabetes. These include destruction of the blood vessels of the retina (diabetic retinopathy), causing visual loss and blindness; destruction of the retina (diabetic nephropathy), causing renal insufficiency and often requiring hemodialysis or renal transplantation; destruction of blood vessels, with atherosclerosis; and destruction of nerves (diabetic neuropathy), involving pain or loss of sensation, most commonly in the extremities.

6. Pituitary Gland (Anterior Lobe)

Hypersecretion

Acromegaly Enlargement of the extremities (acr/o means extremities) caused by hyper secretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty. An excess of growth hormones is produced by adenomas of the pituitary gland that occur during adulthood. This causes the bones in the hands, feet, face, and jaw to grow Abnormally large in size. Producing a characteristic Frankenstein-type facial appearance. The pituitary adenoma can be irradiated or surgically removed

Gigantism Hyperfunctioning of the pituitary gland before puberty, leading to abnormal over-growth of the body. Benign adenomas of the pituitary gland that occur before a child reaches puberty produce an excess of growth hormone. Gigantism can be corrected by early diagnosis in childhood, followed by resection of the tumor or irradiation of the pituitary.

Hyposecretion

Dwarfism Congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism.

The children affected are normal mentally, but their bones remain small and underdeveloped. Treatment consists of administration of growth hormone. Achondroplastic dwarfs from hypopituitary in that they suffer from a genetic defect in cartilage formation that adversely affects growth of bones.

Panhypopituitarism All pituitary hormones are deficient.

Tumors of the sella turcica as well as arterial aneurysms may be etiological factors. Functions of target glands (adrenals, thyroid, ovaries, and testes) are also adversely affected.

7. Pituitary gland (posterior lobe)

Hypersecretion Excessive secretion of antidiuretic Hormone produces excess water retention Syndrome of in the body. Treatment consists of dietary water restriction. Tumor

Inappropriate reactions and head injury are some of the possible etiological factors.

ADH(SIADH)

hypersecretion