mt training: endocrine

(vasopressin). Deficient antidiuretic hormone causes the kidney tubules to fail to hold back (reabsorb) needed water and salts. Clinical symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia. Synthetic preparation of ADH are administered with nasal sprays or intramuscularly as treatment. INSIPIDUS means tasteless, reflecting the condition of dilute urine

Table 1-3 abnormal conditions of endocrine glands

Endocrine gland Hypersecretion Hyposecretion

Adrenal cortex	adrenal virillism Cushing’s syndrome	addison’s disease
Adrenal medulla	pheochromocytoma
Pancreas	Hyperinsulinism	diabetes mellitus
Parathyroid glands	Hyperparathyroidism	Hypoparathyroidism (tetany, hypocalcaemia)
Pituitary (anterior lobe)	Acromegaly Gigantism	dwarfism panhypopituitarism
Pituitary (posterior lobe)	syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)	diabetes insipidus
thyroid gland	exopthalmic goiter (graves disease. Thyrtoxicosis) nodular (adenomatous) goiter	cretinism (children) myxedema (adults)

IV. Laboratory Tests

¨ Serum and urine tests: These tests measure hormones and other substances (electrolytes and glucose) in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function.

¨ Glucose tolerance test (GTT): This test measures the glucose levels in a blood sample from a fasting patient (fasting blood sugar) and in specimens taken 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours after ingestion of 100 gm of glucose. Delayed return of blood glucose to normal level indicates diabetes mellitus.

¨ Radioimmuno assay (RIA): This test measures hormone levels in plasma. The test is based on the ability of antibodies to bring specifically to radioactivity labeled hormone molecules and to non radioactively labeled molecules.

¨ Thyroid function tests: these tests measure the level of T4, T3 and TSH in the bloodstream.

V. Clinical Procedures

¨ Exopthalmometry:- This test measures the extent of eyeball protrusion as evidenced in graves disease.

¨ CT scans (computed tomography):-These transverse views of the pituitary gland and other endocrine organs are useful in diagnosis of pathological conditions.

¨ Thyroid scan:-A radioactive compound is administered and localized in the thyroid gland. The gland is then visualized with a scanner device to detect tumors or nodules.

¨ Radioactive iodine uptake:-Radioactive iodine is administered orally and its uptake into the thyroid gland is measured as evidence of thyroid function

¨ Skull x-ray and tomography of the sella turcica:- The fossa in the base of the cranium that houses the pituitary gland is x—rayed and pictures are taken in sections to show the area in depth.

VI. Abbreviations

ACTH	adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH	antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
BMR	Basal metabolic rate (an indicator of thyroid function, but not in current use)
DI	Diabetes insipidus
DM	Diabetes mellitus
FBS	Fasting blood sugar
FSH	Follicle - stimulating hormone
GH	Growth hormone
GTT	Glucose tolerance test
HGH	Human growth hormone
ICSH	Interstitial cell - stimulating hormone
IDDM	Insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus
K	Potassium
LH	Luteinizing hormone
MSH	Melanocyte - stimulating hormone
Na	Sodium
NIDDM	Non – insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus
17 – OH	17 – hydroxycorticosteroids
PRL	Prolactin
PTH	Parathyroid hormone (parathormone)
RIA	Radioimmuno assay: measure hormone Levels in plasma
SIADH	Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
T3	Triiodothyronine
T4	Thyroxine/Thyroxin
TFT	Thyroid function test
TSH	Thyroid – stimulating Hormone